The Battle Of Stirling Bridge - 2361 Words

On September 11, 1297, before the Battle of Stirling Bridge in Scotland, William Wallace said â€Å"We come here with no peaceful intent, but ready for battle, determined to avenge our wrongs and set our country free.† (Tytler) He was captured by his enemy, the English and tried for treason and for atrocities against civilians in war. In his speech to the Virginia Convention on March 23, 1775, Patrick Henry was quoted â€Å"Give me Liberty, or Give me Death!† (Cohen) His speech convinced the Virginia House of Burgesses to commit the Virginia troops to the Revolutionary War against a tyrannical English government. Barack Obama gave a speech on June 9th 2009 in Cairo Egypt and stated, â€Å"No system of government can or should be imposed by one nation by any other. That does not lessen my commitment, however, to governments that reflect the will of the people. Each nation gives life to this principle in its own way, grounded in the traditions of its own people. America does not presume to know what is best for everyone, just as we would not presume to pick the outcome of a peaceful election. But I do have an unyielding belief that all people yearn for certain things: the ability to speak your mind and have a say in how you are governed, confidence in the rule of law and the equal administration of justice, government that is transparent and doesn t steal from the people, the freedom to live as you choose. These are not just American ideas. They are human rights. And that is why we willShow MoreRelatedSir William Wallace Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Wallace is believed to be one of Scotlands greatest national heroes. He led the Rising of 1297, in an attempt to reverse the loss of Scottish independence to England. He was knighted and made Guardian of Scotland. He later resigned after The Battle of Falkirk when he was defeated by the English cavalry. In August, 1305 he was arrested, condemned as a traitor, and killed. Scotland views Wallace as a national hero for his role in their freedom, however the English have viewed Wallace as a traitorRead MoreThe Battle of Bannockburn happened in 1314 just outside of Stirling, Scotland. It was a war between1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Bannockburn happened in 1314 just outside of Stirling, Scotland. It was a war between the large English army and the much smaller Scottish army. The Scottish showed they were a force to be reckoned with when they took Stirling Castle for ransom. The English were trying to get the castle back from the Scottish which caused the Battle of Bannockburn Leading up to the Battle of Bannockburn, quite a few things happened. In 1290, Margaret, â€Å"the maid of Norway†, the heir to the ScottishRead MoreHistory 262 : Early Modern World History1889 Words   |  8 Pagesknowledge of the film before viewing goes. What I plan to do in this research essay is to write out the inaccuracies in the film, and address them with primary and secondary sources found throughout the Internet. I will talk about the backstory, the battles, and the true people who fought bravely during those turbulent times. According to Biography.com/WilliamWallace , â€Å"He was born in 1270 AD near Paisley, Renfrew, Scotland. In May of 1297, fed up with English rule, Wallace and 30 other men destroyedRead MoreGuardian of the Realm823 Words   |  3 Pagesand Tay. On Sept. 11, 1297, an English army under John de Warenne, earl of Surrey, confronted him at the Forth near Stirling. Wallace’s forces were greatly outnumbered, but Surrey had to cross a narrow bridge over the Forth before he could reach the Scottish positions. By slaughtering the English as they crossed the river, Wallace gained an overwhelming victory. He captured Stirling Castle, and for the moment Scotland was nearly free of occupying forces. In October he invaded northern England andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Braveheart By William Wallace1570 Words   |  7 Pagestaken over by England. Therefore, the stories could, in fact, be true, although no evidence proves it. As Wallace grew up he learned how to fight battles logically, which overtime made him grow very respected with the men he met. He was taught to think before he would speak. He was a natural born leader and would hold his position firmly. This led to battles won where he had very few men, but a very passionate and trusting crew because Wallace was their leader. In 1296, the king of England, EdwardRead MoreHistorical Inaccuracy in Braveheart865 Words   |  4 Pagesof the characters in order stimulate public interest through the striking of some common chord that the public feels vigorously about. The story of William Wallace in the movie Braveheart while historically fairly accurate in the depictions of the battles while leaving out many important facts. Randall Wallace added some plot twists to make the story more appealing to the audience. All the plot twists and inaccuracies that were added in the movie Braveheart have several basic areas which include addingRead MoreEssay on William Wallace: Leader for Scotland ´s Independence961 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Wallace is considered a legend in Scotland. For years, England and Scotland were at war, and behind many of the battles for Scotland’s independence was William Wallace. While the information about him, like any good hero, might be over exaggerated by some historians, wha t’s true is that he gave the country hope that Scotland could be free from English Tyranny. For years after he died, others took his place in saving Scotland from English rule. William Wallace was so famous among the ScotsRead MoreAlbany Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesexcavations have found evidence of sites dating back over 18,000 years. In 1826, Major Edmund Lockyer arrived abroad the Brig Amity to establish the first settlement in Western Australia, Albany. In 1832 the Governor of the Swan River Colony, Sir James Stirling visited the settlement. With the possibility of moving the Western Australian Capital to King George Sound he renamed the town Albany after the Duke of York and Albany. When the settlement at King George Sound was established in 1826, the MinangRead More William Wallace Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; There is little to no information about William Wallace’s childhood years. He is believed to have spent these years with his Uncle, who was a priest, in Dunipace, near Stirling. It is assumed that William and his brother Malcolm lived a peaceful life, being as they were the sons of a nobleman. The boys were no strangers to the martial arts. The boys learned many skills of Swordsmanship and horsemanship. Contemporary chroniclersRead MoreTOK - Does all knowledge require some kind of rational basis?1658 Words   |  7 Pagesonly would Ali lose, but that he might actually die in the ring, but Ali’s unshakable belief contributed to his knowledge that he would prevail against the much younger and stronger Foreman. The examples also exist in wars, such as in the Battle of Stirling Bridge where the Scottish army, outnumbered five to one, defeated the English Army. The belief that each party had in themselves was the basis for the knowledge that they would win, and for that reasons they fought on. Regarding Michael Jordan

Managing Diversity Essay - 1812 Words

Managing Diversity Introduction Thirty years ago discrimination was a part of normal business activity. Work place diversity meant hire outside of your family not outside of your race. As a result, the federal government felt impelled to create employment laws. These new laws were implemented to eliminate discrimination and provide the means for advancement. As a consequence of this implementation, these laws have created possible barriers to maximizing the potential of every employee (Chan, 2000). Recently, the concept of diversity has completely changed from before. It was predicted that by the year 2005, women, minorities, and the disabled would dominate the workforce (Managing Diversity, 1999). Organizations that†¦show more content†¦Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action programs direct attention to laws that guide recruitment and promotion. 2. Valuing differences centers on interpersonal qualities that shape management’s relationships with their employees. 3. Managing diversity focuses on the diverse quality of employees work-life needs such as childcare, family leave, and flexible holiday schedules. It requires setting policies and procedures that empowers managers to meet employees needs (Galagan, 1999; Jenner, 1994; Wilkinson, 1999). Organizations intending to survive will need to implement all of the components listed above. Managing diversity will eventually make Affirmative Action and valuing differences unnecessary (Thomas Jr., 2000). - Why manage diversity? Diversity needs to be managed as a result of the demographic changes in the workforce. Surveys have revealed that demographic changes will reshape the workforce and the marketplace. They include: ï‚ · An increase in the number of minorities and immigrants in the labor pool ï‚ · An increase in the number of women in the workforce ï‚ · A shift in values with more workers putting loyalty to career above of loyalty to the company and seeking more balance between work and home life ï‚ · Illiteracy is on the rise, and simultaneously many jobs require a more skilled work force ï‚ · An aging population overall If a business is to succeed, these individual andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace1449 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today (UCSF). Workplace diversity refers to having a variety of different types of people working together within a place of business. Employee gender, race, religion, sexual preference, physical appearance, family or marital status, education, culture, personality, or tenure establishes diversity in the workplace. Diversity is rapidlyRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Workplace Essay3304 Words   |  14 PagesDiversity in the Workplace Abstract Imagine that you are a highly qualified former Hispanic executive who was recently laid off from a fortune 500 hundred company. Within that company you held several key roles in which you were crucial to the success of the organization. In the prior roles you may have never really understood the need or the process of managing diversity. You hold several advanced degrees in key business fields despite all of your experience education and the economy flourishingRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Workplace Essay2191 Words   |  9 PagesDiversity in the workplace is a subject that has gained increased attention over recent years. After all, the impact of affirmative action and equal employment opportunity programs on the nations work force is undeniable. Women and minorities were the first to dramatically alter the face of the economic mainstream, while gays, persons with disabilities and senior citizens followed not far behind. The result is a diverse American labor force represen ting a microcosm of our society - yet one thatRead MoreAn Article On Managing Cultural Diversity Within Sports Organizations : A Theoretical Perspective963 Words   |  4 Pagesaddress the issue of diversity in sports. For example, Leo Kahane, Neil Longley, and Robert Simmons wrote an article titled â€Å"The Effects of Coworker Heterogeneity on Firm-Level Output: Assessing the Impacts of Cultural and Language Diversity in the National Hockey League,† and this article talks about how teams and players have to deal with teammates that are culturally from a different background. Also, Alison J. Doherty wrote an article titled â€Å"Managing Cultural Diversity in Sport Organizations:Read MoreManaging Diversity2061 Words   |  9 PagesManaging Diversity Research Paper Proposal Anee Rork Team C University of Phoenix Managing Diversity Research Paper Proposal Workplaces today are become increasingly diverse with employees of different genders, races, cultures, ethnic origins, and lifestyles. There have been so many changes in the cultural make-up of organizations that it has become imperative for leaders and supervisors to understand cultural diversity and how it can affect their organization. By understandingRead MoreManaging Diversity3506 Words   |  15 PagesManaging Diversity in The Public Sector: A case Study of a Small City Council; by Mark Steger and Prof R. Erwee (20001) Definitions of diversity range from distributive concerns based on the traditional categories of race, ethnicity and gender to the addition of a vast array of differences in age, sexual orientation, disability, employment status, tenure, function, educational background, lifestyle, religion, values and beliefs in addition to race, ethnicity and gender. Diversity is a two-edgedRead MoreManaging Diversity1891 Words   |  8 Pagesnormal business activity. Work place diversity meant hire outside of your family not outside of your race. As a result, the federal government felt impelled to create employment laws. These new laws were implemented to eliminate discrimination and provide the means for advancement. As a consequence of this implementation, these laws have created possible barriers to maximizing the potential of every employee (Chan, 2000). Recently, the concept of diversity has completely changed from beforeRead MoreThe Importance of Managing Diversity906 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Managing Diversity â€Å"Diversity can be considered and dimension that differentiates a person from another† (Noe, p 432). Diversity brings considerable benefits. Decision making and improved problem solving are great examples of what diversity can help with. Diversity also brings greater creativity and innovation, which leads to better product development; and more successful marketing to different types of customers. Diversity provides organizations with the ability to competeRead MoreManaging Cultural Diversity6595 Words   |  27 PagesARTICLES What is managing diversity and why does it matter? Sharon Mavin and Gill Girling University of Northumbria at Newcastle Abstract: In the UK, human resource practitioners and academics alike are becoming more aware of the emergence of managing diversity. But what does managing diversity actually mean, how does it translate into practice, and what does it matter? The following paper brie y debates the rhetoric of managing diversity and considers whether managing diversity is a distinct approachRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Workplace1043 Words   |  5 PagesManaging diverse employees in a multicultural environment proves challenging to managers; yet, increasing diversity in the workplace is very beneficial for an organization. Diverse employees will provide a wider array of talents and will relate better to varied customers. Because managers have more influence than rank-and-file employees, it is imperative that managers commit to diversity of the workforce. Dissimilarities among people due to differences in characteristics can erode companies. Firstly

Rule of law under Indian Constitution free essay sample

INTRODUCTION India being one of the most powerful democratic nation in the world, guided by the Constitution, which declares it to be Secular, Socialist, Republic and at the same time we are governed by Rule of Law. Law is the supreme authority which confers rights to its citizens and under which most important is the â€Å"Equality before the law† and â€Å"Equal protection of Law†. The constitution of India has been made the supreme law of the country and other laws are required to be in conformity with it. Any law which is found in violation of any provision of the constitution, particularly, the fundamental rights, is declared void. The Indian constitution also incorporate the first principle of Dicey i. e. equality before law and equal protection of laws. The Rule of Law embodied in Article 14 is the â€Å"basic feature† of the Indian Constitution and hence it cannot be destroyed even by an amendment of the Constitution under Article 368 of the Constitution. In India, the meaning of Rule of Law has been applied differently in different cases by the judiciary. Before moving further, dimensions of Article 14 of the Constitution of India is very vital to discuss. Both positive as well as negative discrimination of this Article came and Supreme Court and various High Courts from time to time have summarized their decisions in different cases. Dicey’s rule of law has been adopted and incorporated in the Indian Constitution. The Preamble itself enunciates the ideals of justice, liberty and equality. In chapter III of the Constitution, these concepts are enshrined as fundamental rights and are thus made enforceable. The Constitution is supreme and all the three organs of the government, viz. legislature, executive and judiciary are subordinate to and have to act in accordance with it. The principle of judicial review is embodied in the Constitution and subjects can approach the High Courts and Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed under Indian Constitution. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law or of his property save by the authority of law. The government and the public officals are also not above the law. They are also subject to the jurisdiction of ordinary courts of law and for similar wrongs are to be tried and punished similarly. They are not immune from the ordinary legal process nor is any provision made regarding separate administration courts and tribunals. In public services too, the doctrine of equality is accepted. Thus, it appears that the doctrine of rule of law is embodied in the Indian Constitution, and is treated as the basic structure of the Constitution. The guarantee of equality before the law is an aspect of what Dicey calls the rule of law in England. Rule of Law has many different facets and because of its indiscriminate promiscuous use, has meant different things to different people at different times. In simpler terms, this means that no man is above law and that every person, whatever be his rank or condition, is subject to the jurisdiction of ordinary courts. Also, it requires that no person shall be subjected to harsh, uncivilized or discriminatory treatment even when the object is the securing of the paramount exigencies of law and order. It is the basic rule of governance for any enlightened civilized society’s effort as it is not merely a legalistic slogan. It is a kind of commitment to certain traditional principles and values. Dicey’s rule of law has been embodied in Article 14 of the Constitution which is the â€Å"basic feature† and hence it can’t be destroyed even by an amendment of the Constitution under Article 368 of the Constitution. RULE OF LAW: MEANING Dicey has included three distinct though kindered ideas in Rule of Law. 1. Supremacy of law Explaining the first principle, Dicey states that rule of law means that the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power or wide discretionary power. Acc. To him, the Englishmen were ruled by the law and by the law alone; a man with us may be punished for a breach of law, but can be punished for nothing else. Simply it means the absolute supremacy of law as opposed to the arbitrary power of the Government. If there is cogent evidence of commission of a grave crime for which an ordinary citizen would be arrested, the law cannot be differently applied depending on the status of the person. However high you may be, law is above you. 2. Equality before law- It means that subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by ordinary law courts. This means that no one is above law with the sole exception of the monarch who can do no wrong. Dicey, explained this principle of the rule of law as there must be equality before the law or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts. Acc. To him, in England, all persons were subject to one and the same law, and there were no extraordinary tribunals or special courts for officers of the government and the other authorities. Though he criticized the French legal system of droit administratif in which there were separate Administrative Tribunals for deciding cases between the officials of the State and the Citizens. Acc. To him, exemption of the civil servants from the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts of law and providing them with special tribunals was the negation of equality. The Constution has further taken care to provide us with bulwark that guards the freedom of an average citizen, it is the law court. Courts of justice are more important than even the military to guard the freedom of the country and of the individual by enforcing adherence to the rule of law. In the case of, State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar , it was clearly held that â€Å" all persons shall be treated alike both in the privileges conferred and liabilities imposed by the laws. Equal laws should be applied to all in the same situations, and there should be no discrimination between one person and another. † Thus, the simple rule is that the like should be treated alike and not that unlike should be treated alike. Also, the Supreme Court in Basheshar Nath’s case in 1959 observed that the principle of the Rule of Law was an essential element of the guarantee of equality. 3. Judge made Constitution- We may consider the position prevailing in India vis-a-vis the third principle i. e. , the doctrine of Judge made Constitution or predomination of legal spirit. Until recently, this principle was being studied and examined in context of interpreting the provisions of the Constitution and in Chief Settlement Commr. v Om Prakash , the Supreme Court observed: â€Å"In our constitutional system, the central and most characteristic feature is the concept of of rule of law, which means, in the present context, the authority of the law courts to test all administrative action by the standard of legality. The administrative or executive action that does not meet the standard will be set aside if the aggrieved party or person brings the appropriate action in the competent court. The Rule of Law rejects the conception of the dual state in which the governmental action is placed in a privileged position of immunity from contrl by law. Such a notion is foreign to our basic constitutional concept. † (emphasis supplied) The First and the second aspects apply to Indian system but the third aspect of Dicey’s rule of law does not apply to Indian system as the source of rights of Individuals is the Constitution of India. The Constitution is the supreme Law of the land and all laws passed by the legislature must be consistent with the provisions of the Constitution. Equal protection of the laws: The guarantee of equal protection of laws is similar to one embodied in the 14th Amendment to the American Constitution. This has been interpreted to mean subjection to equal law, applying to all in the same circumstances. In Raghubir Singh v. State of Haryana the court held that, â€Å" The rule of law imposes a duty upon the State to take special measures to prevent and punish brutality by police methodology. Exceptions to the Rule of Law: This rule of equality is, however not an absolute rule and there are number of exceptions to it. (i)â€Å"equality before the law† does not mean the ‘powers of the private citizens are the same as the powers of the public officials’. Thus, a police officer has the power to arrest while no other private person has this power. Rule of Law explicitly doesn’t require that these powers should be clearly defined by the law and that abuse of authority by public officers must be punished by ordinary courts in the same manner as illegal acts committed by any private person. (ii)The rule of law doesn’t prevent certain classes of persons being subject to special courts. Thus, the members of armed forces are controlled by military laws. Also under Article 361 of the Indian Constitution, during the term of his/her office, the Governor of a state or the President shall not be answerable to any criminal offences. (iii)Today ministers and other executive bodies are given very wide discretionary powers by a statute. And as a result of which such power is been abused. Today, a large no. of legislations in the form of delegated legislation i. e. , rules, orders are been made by the ministers and it is not directly under the Parliament’s power. (iv)Certain members of the society are governed by special rules in their professions, i. e. , lawyers, doctors, members of armed forces and police. Such clauses are treated differently from ordinary citizens. The Constitution itself contains provisions which, under certain circumstances, limit the effectiveness of Art. 14. (i)The scope of right to equality U/A 14 has been considerably restricted by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. The new Article 31-C added by the amendment act provides that the laws made by the State for implementing the Directive Principles contained in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39 can’t be challenged on the ground that they are violative of Article 14. In Sanjeev Coke manufacturing co. v. Bharat cooking Coal Ltd. The Supreme Court has held that â€Å"where Art. 31-C comes in, Article 14 goes out. (ii)Article 359(1) provides that where a proclamation of emergency is in operation the President may, by order, declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such rights conferred by Part III( except Arts. 20 and 21) shall remain suspended. Thus, if the President of India issues an order, where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, enforcement of Article 12 may be suspended for the period during which the proclamation is in force. (iii)Article 361 lays down that the President and the Governors are exempted from any criminal proceeding during the tenure of their office. (iv)Under International Law, foreign sovereign and ambassadors enjoy full immunity from any judicial process. This is also available to enemy aliens for acts of war. Article 14 permits classification but prohibits class legislation. The equal protection of laws guaranteed by Article 14 does not mean that all laws must be general in character. It does not mean that the same laws should apply to all persons. It does not mean that every law must have universal application for, all persons are not, by nature, Attainment or circumstances in the same position. The varying needs of different classes of persons often require separate treatment. From the very nature of the society there should be different laws in different places and the Legislature controls the policy and enacts laws in the best interest of safety and security of the State. In fact, identical treatment in unequal circumstances would amount to inequality. So, a reasonable classification is only not permitted but is necessary if society is to progress. Thus, what Article 14 forbids is class-legislation but it does not forbid reasonable classification. The classification, however, must not be â€Å"arbitrary, artificial or evasive† but must be based on some real and substantial distinction bearing a just and reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved by the legislation. Article 14 applies where equals are treated differently without any reasonable basis. But where equals and unequals are treated differently, Article 14 does not apply. Class legislation is that which makes an improper discrimination by conferring particular privileges upon a class of persons arbitrarily selected from a large number of persons, all of whom stand in the same relation to the privilege granted that between whom and the persons not so favoured no reasonable distinction or substantial difference can be found justifying the inclusion of one and the exclusion of the other from such privileges. Test of Reasonable Classification- Article 14 forbids class legislation, but it does not forbid reasonable classification of persons, objects and transactions by the legislature for the purpose of achieving specific ends. Classifications to be reasonable must fulfill two conditions:- (c)The classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped together from others left out of the group; and (d)The differentia must have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the Act. The important thing is that there must be a nexus between the basis of classification and the object of the Act which makes the classification. K. K. Mathew, J. highlighted the negative concept of the doctrine of equality before the law, as traditionally understood and posed the question whether the command of Article 14 is merely to ban creation of equality or to eliminate inequalities ? According to him Formal equality before the law has been found to be a shame in many areas. The true meaning and scope of Article 14 have been explained in a number of cases by supreme Court. In re-Special Court Bill case, Chandrachud, J. , (as he then was) reformulated new propositions to be followed regarding the applicability of Article 14. But this has been rightly criticized by Mr. Seervai as making the well-settled principles unsettled and creating confusion and uncertainity and encouraging litigation. The principles laid down by Das, J. , in Ramkrishna Dalmia v. Justice Tendolkar has not been disputed by Chandrachud, J. , and therefore there was no need to reformulate the same unless it was necessary to add something to the existing principles. In Sagir Ahmad v. State it has been clearly held that. â€Å"The question whether a classification is reasonable, and proper or not, must, however be judged more on commonsense than on legal subtleties. † New concept of Equality: Protection against Arbitrariness- â€Å"In E. P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu, the Supreme Court has challenged the traditional concept of equality which was based on the reasonable classification and has laid down a new concept of equality. Chandrachud and Krishna Iyer, JJ. Propunded the new concept of equality in the following words- â€Å"Equality is a dynamic concept with many aspects and dimensions and it cannot be ‘cribbed, cabined and confined’ within traditional and doctrinal limits. From a positivistic point of view, equality is antithesis to arbitrariness. In fact, equality and arbitrariness are sworn enemies; one belong to the Rule of Law in a republic while the other, to the whim and caprice of an absolute monarch. Where an Act is arbitrary, it is implicit in it that it is unequal both according to political logic and constitutional law and is therefore violative of Article 14. † In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, Bhagwati, J. , again quoted with approval the new concept of equality propounded by him in the E. P. Royappa case. He said :- â€Å"†¦. Equality is a dynamic concept with many aspects and dimensions and it cannot be imprisoned within traditional and doctrinal limits. Article 14 strikes at arbitrariness in State action and ensures fairness and equality of treatment. The principle of reasonableness, which legally as well as philosophically, is an essential element of equality or non-arbitrariness, pervades Article 14 like a brooding omnipresence. † The basic postulate of the Rule of Law is that â€Å"justice should not only be done but it must also be seen to be done. † The society is composed of unequals and a welfare State has to strive by both executive and legislative action to help the less fortunate and to improve their condition so that social and economic unequality in the society may be bridged. This would require a law to be made applicable to that group in order to ameliorate their lot. Desai, J. , said that the doctrine of classification was evolved to sustain a legislation of State action in order to help the weaker sections of the society or some such segments of the society in need of succor. In ADM Jabalpur v. Shivakant Shukla, it is one of the most important cases when it comes to rule of law. In this case, the question before the court was ‘whether there was any rule of law in India apart from Article 21’. This was in context of suspension of enforcement of Articles 14, 21 and 22 during the proclamation of an emergency. The answer of the majority of the bench was in negative for the question of law. However Justice H. R. Khanna dissented from the majority opinion and observed that â€Å"Even in absence of Article 21 in the Constitution, the state has got no power to deprive a person of his life and liberty without the authority of law. In India, there are a few instances where Judiciary has infringed upon the areas of Executive and Legislature and this can be said from the example of the present Reservation system. Judiciary was against the fact of giving reservations to the creamy layer but the Executive and Legislature was not in favor of this. â€Å"Though many of them had critiqued about Rule of Law in Indian Constitution. Acc. To them, Law changes with time. As time evolves, Law has to change in that way. They see Rule of Law simply as a tool for guiding and maintaining the status quo of the society. For them maintain status quo is far from being neutral, serves to protect the powerful at the cost of others. More extreme critics claim that [t]he liberal paradigm has destroyed the rule of law. The rationale behind this statement is that, considering the real state of the world, many equate the rule of law with legality. However, this is a flawed equation as [l]egality simply means that there are laws and says nothing about the quality of those laws. Hence, there are many lacunas in the concept of rule of law which servers the reason of non-implementation of the concept properly. †

Sports Utility Vehicles Essay Example

Sports Utility Vehicles Essay The automobile industry in the US and elsewhere in the world has spent a significant amount of their marketing budgets to promote the sale of Sports Utility Vehicles. They promote the benefits of these vehicles as tools capable of conquering the toughest environment whilst ensuring the safety of its owners. Yet few have acknowledge the real cost of these vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to discuss that cost in further depth. Our intention, through research, is to analyze the adverse effect that these vehicles have in terms of the environment, health and safety. As a result, we will discover the real cost of SUV power and observe measures that can be taken to address these problems. Sports Utility Vehicles: The real cost of power. Sport Utility Vehicles have become very popular vehicles over recent years, and this popularity has increased since the 1980’s. They have become a â€Å"preeminent symbol of American popular culture† (David Goewey 113). They are powerful vehicles, which also cost a lot to run. The SUV, usually sold with four-wheeled drive, is a modern phenomenon. It is a hybrid vehicle, which has all the comforts of a luxury car linked with the four-wheel qualities of a light truck. Their reputed ability to be able to traverse natural terrains with safety and power has found favor with the consumers, and manufacturers of these vehicles have been quick to exploit these reasons to their own advantage. The Jeep promotional material is a typical representation of this ethos (see Jeep.com, opening page), with their SUVs being shown against a variety of natural backgrounds such as mountains, deserts, and rugged water environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Utility Vehicles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Utility Vehicles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Utility Vehicles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this report, we ask the question are these vehicles safe and environmentally friendly? The result of our research concludes that these vehicles extract a serious cost in terms of health and safety and upon the environment. The success of the automobile industry’s promotional campaigns has led to a steady increase in the sale of SUV’s over the past two decades. Despite the projection of them being rugged off-road vehicles, only around 10% ever fulfill that purpose (Keith Bradsher, sec 1:1). Another interesting fact is that, as David Goewey (118) reports, female consumers now account for 40% of SUV’s sales. Because of this popularity, these vehicles have attracted a considerable amount of research attention. Most of this has concentrated upon two aspects. The first is the safety aspect of the SUV in terms of their performance in accidents. The second aspect is their environmental cost, where many argue that fuel consumption and emission have a damaging effect. The ethos of many consumers when purchasing their vehicles is the safety element. In general terms consumers reach the decision to purchase an SUV upon the reasoning of self-interest, in other words how safe their automobile is for themselves and their family. Much of this perception results from the psychology of the drivers themselves. A report in the New Yorker (Malcolm Gladwell para 3) suggests that the SUV explosion has been brought about by a change in the way that drivers perceive danger, with the emphasis now being on the inevitability rather than the avoidability of accidents. The report quotes Stephen Popiel, a vice-president of a market research firm in the automobile industry, who says that most consumers’ thoughts are that, â€Å"if I were to take this vehicle and drive it into this brick wall, the more metal there is in front of me the better off Ill be.†(Gladwell, para 2) Few would consciously consider the safety element as it may affect other road users, including pedestrians, cyclists and other vehicle drivers. The evidence, as shown in numerous researches carried out on the subject, proves that this is not the case. In addition, it shows that SUV’s can present a serious safety hazard to other road users as well as to those who use the vehicles. As part of the research for Gladwell’s article (Gladwell para 2), he cites that a SUV (Chevrolet Trailblazer) was compared in tests against a Porsche Boxster in two tests. The first was an obstacle test, with cones representing a variety of other road users. In the SUV, traveling at thirty-miles an hour the reporter struggled to complete the tests, and knocked down a number of the obstructions as well as creating difficult conditions inside the vehicle with passengers being thrown around. In a real life scenario, it would have resulted in some injuries, if not fatalities. The instructor explained, â€Å"Thats what the extra weight that S.U.V.s have tends to do.  Ã‚   It pulls you in the wrong direction.† An identical driver in the Boxster, at a speed of fifty miles an hour, resulted in all the obstacles being avoided and a smooth drive. In a second test, the stopping distances of the two vehicles were compared. Both were tested for emergency stops from sixty miles an hour. The results were that it took the Trailblazer around 150 feet to come to a halt, against the Boxster’s 124. In real traffic terms, the difference represents around two car lengths. The results are supported by other research and support the validity of safety concerns. Further research has concentrated upon other aspects of the results of accidents and safety. A report by Lefler and Gabler (p.295-304), concentrated on the fatality rates with pedestrians and showed that these doubled in the case of an accident involving an SUV when compared with an ordinary passenger car. Other studies confirm these findings. Although the weight of the vehicle is a contributory factor in these findings, it was found that the major reasons for the fatality increase was due to the design difference between the two types of vehicles. Being lower to the ground and with a more curved front, the passenger car impacted upon the pedestrian at lower leg level, therefore causing less immediate damage to a persons mid regions. The first point of impact with a SUV would be at mid region level, resulting in a higher incidence of damage that could be fatal. Therefore, the SUV does pose an increased safety risk. A similar increase in the cost of human damage can be seen where the other party in the accident is in a vehicle. In Keith Bradsher’s (2004) book on the subject, he covers various research related to the subject of accidents involving two or more vehicles. The results show that there would be a significantly higher incidence of fatalities in a passenger car/SUV accident than if two passenger cars were involved. In fact, research has shown that in a two-passenger car accident there was almost half the number of fatalities than if two SUV’s were involved with a similar incident. There have also been a number of researches conducted into the inherent safety of the SUV vehicle itself. The most significant of these have been targeted at the rollover inclination of an SUV. As we identified recently in the test that was undertaken for the Commerce and Culture (Malcolm Gladwell para 2) article, the stability of these vehicles at relatively low speeds, when encountering driving obstacles was found to be questionable. The problem is that as these speeds increase, so does the instability levels, and in the event of a sharp response to a hazard, be that because of physical obstacles or weather conditions, it increases the likelihood of the vehicle rolling over. In addition to safety concerns, the other area of SUV proliferation of ownership that is causing considerable concern is their environmental impact. Due to the format of the US automobile legislation, SUVs are classed as light trucks. Therefore, they are not subjected to the same strict levels of fuel consumptions and emissions as the passenger car. Manufacturers of these vehicles have taken advantage of this more relaxed level of regulation. Sinantha Songseng (2004) research paper shows that average automobile fuel consumption in the US dropped to 23.8 miles per gallon in 1999, which set the lowest recorded level for nearly twenty years. This coincided with the significant increase in the sale of SUV’s and their much lower fuel economy at 20.3 mpg, with many recording well below this level. This means that considerably more natural gas and petroleum products are being used to sustain these vehicles. Records show that SUV’s and light vehicles is accounting for 40% of US oil consumption. (Songseng par 2) Furthermore, as the report continues, there is the additional environmental issue in respect of the SUV emission levels. Because of loopholes within the Clean Air Act, these vehicles are legally allowed to emit â€Å"30% more carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and 75% more nitrogen oxides than passenger cars.† (Songseng par 3) This creates problems in two areas. Firstly, there is the effect that this has on the health of the population. These emissions in built up areas, reacting with the sun’s rays, can create smog conditions at ground levels. This can lead to breathing difficulties and damage human lungs. In the report Sinantha Songseng reported the results of a study carried out by Loma Linda University in 1991, which showed that various cancer incidences had risen by 37% increase, with lung cancers recording a 72% increase. The results were from a survey of women who had resided for ten years in cities that had recorded smog conditions on at least 42 days annually. Equally important is the issue of environmental damage, in particular the effect that carbon dioxide emissions, a by-product of motor fuel consumption, are having on global warming. Global warming is reported to be affecting weather conditions, including temperatures, rises in sea levels and increasing the risks of health problems and natural disasters. The following table shows the dramatic rise in the US carbon dioxide emissions in the eight years to 1998. Source of Data: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy reported in Sinantha Sonseng (2000) nbsp; The rise in the number of SUV’s has contributed significantly to this rise in emissions, contributing an additional 717 million metric tones of carbon dioxide emissions. This is around three times as much as the emissions from a standard sized passenger car. (Songseng par 4) nbsp; All of the research that has been studied in the preparation of this report, together with the evidence seen, confirms that SUV’s are having a significant detrimental impact on both health and safety issues and the environment. This research has not taken into account the financial costs of these problems. However, it is apparent from the research that they need to be addressed. This is the responsibility of all of those involved with this phenomenon, including the governments, manufacturers, consumer and other organizations. The government has made some efforts in this respect. In his letter to the major manufacturers, Hardy Myers (2003), then Attorney General, admonished them for their advertising methods and warned that the â€Å"could be in violation of [the individual states] consumer protection laws.†(Myers letter 2003) He further warned that their advertising, similar to that seen in the Jeep (2006) promotions, failed to adequately address issues of safety. However, in terms of the environment, the government could take further steps to improve the situation by reclassifying these vehicles with more stringent emission controls. The Songseng (2000 par 2) research confirmed that there is the technology in place to enable compliance with such changes. Manufacturers have a major responsibility in these areas. They need to respond positively to the advice and warnings being issued by governments and other researches in terms of safety. This can be achieved by changing the tone of promotional campaigns, emphasizing the different driving attitudes and experienced attributable to an SUV, and seeking design changes that would make their vehicles safer. In addition, there is an urgent need to utilize the available technology to significantly reduce the environmental impact of SUV’s. Although some small steps have been taken in this direction, it is not enough and well below their capacity to do so. There is also a need to educate consumers. In addition to making the information more publicly available, the attitude of the consumer needs to be altered so that they approached their decision on purchasing a SUV based upon knowledge of the risk, awareness of the environmental impact and, based upon this, would use logical reasoning in that choice. In this situation, they would be fully aware of the damage these vehicles can do to other road users as well as the environment. There is little doubt that an SUV represents at present a vision of protection and power in the minds of the consumer who makes the purchase. What is less obvious to them and to a certain extent is being denied to them, are the full facts regarding the cost of that power.

Social characters of Jews and essays

Social characters of Jews and essays In chapters 7-8 of Valhalla, Calvary and Auschwitz, author Giora Shoham examines the social characters and relationship of Jews and Germans prior and leading up to the Holocaust. Shoham believes Jews participant qualities clash with German separant identities which contributed to the Jews vicitimization during the Holocaust. Hitler;s leadership escalated these already established differences into a larger, bloodier conflict. Chapter 7 outlines the different characters of Jews and Germans. More based on a pagan tradition and Teutonic mythology, Germans focus on power, expansion, grandeur and unity. Shoham uses Gothic churches as an example of German desire to overtake their surroundings and almost compete with God. In contrast, the author describes Jews as self effacing, focusing on individualism and peace. With such skewed and opposing characteristics, Shoham suggests these groups enter a bully victim relationship where the Jews desire to be swallowed by German society and German society is eager to oblige (270). Shohams desire to explore a new area of holocaust study focusing on roots of anti Semitism within Germany is interesting but has the potential to be dangerous. Sweeping generalization regarding any group are difficult to prove and can be misleading. For example, the author asserts Jews are historically bad planners but offers little evidence to support his claim. Chapter 8 expands on the bully vicitim relationship created by opposing Jewish and Germanic social characteristics. Shoham believes Jews possessed a love affair with Germanic culture which was not reciprocated by Germans. Shohams premise that Jews willingly disregarded their own cultural institutions is misplaced. YIDDISH, REFORM SYNAGOGUES....... ...

Dos and Donts for How to Win at Missing Work

Dos and Donts for How to Win at Missing Work Whether you have some personal days in your arsenal to play hooky or need to scrounge some legitimate reasons to miss work because faking a cold isn’t going to cut it, you can probably get some mileage about of this list of Dos and Don’ts.   DoI’ve earned it.This option requires some prep work and some sweat equity. Come in early and stay late for a few days a week, then by the time you go to your boss with a request for some flex time or a day off you will have earned it. You’ll feel better about the time away, and your coworkers will appreciate you didn’t just leave them in the lurch.I’m [Doing Professional Activity] with a client.This only works if your workplace routinely has to entertain clients or meet with them outside the office. Do not say you are playing golf with a client if you are a publisher and your client is an author or if you are an administrative assistant and your client is Staples. You will also have to actually meet up with a client for some reason!I have a doctor’s appointment.The savvy timing of doctor’s appointments is one of the best, least-arguable routes to a free afternoon for Netflix and snooze. Schedule a check-up or a physical or a cleaning for 2:30 or 3:00 in the afternoon and you’ll be on your way right after lunch.I have cramps.Honestly I would be way too embarrassed to use this one- and I actually do get bodacious cramps and occasional accompanying migraines. But, if you’ve got an easily flustered male boss and are a female employee with some moxie, this could have you stopping by the drug store for ice cream and some Red Box DVDs before you know it.I’m working from home.My husband is the most honest Work-From-Homer on the planet. He applies all that extra time he saves by not commuting to the work he gets done, and then we both get to knock off together around dinnertime. This requires you to stay near your email for any pressing questions, but wi ll definitely carve the edges of your work day when you need a breather.  Noooooo. Just DONT!I’ve had a death in the family.My students are still trying this one occasionally, along with car accidents, family engagement parties that ran late, and last-minute flights back from Australia. Clichà ©s are clichà © and there’s no going back.I’m too sleepy.At my first job out of school we had an intern who fell asleep at his desk every day for at least an hour. It was baffling. It was distracting. His internship did not last longer than a month. If you can’t get enough sleep, definitely get enough caffeine.I can’t get my car out of the garage. (See also: The L train isn’t running.)Getting your car out, or taking the L, is something you have to do often enough to know how long it takes (or how to work around any common delays or obstacles).I can’t find my polling place.Apparently this is a real thing that happened and not just a sit-in pr otest for a national election holiday. Find out where you have to vote ahead of time; taking a whole day to do it is weird.I have a personal emergency.This nonspecific all-purpose band-aid for just not wanting to go to work doesn’t score you any points or make you look responsible. I know someone who uses â€Å"plumbing emergency† every month or so just so he can go in late. It’s fine if you actually have terrible plumbing (or a real emergency you can appropriately disclose later).Whatever you do or say to get the mental health days you need, don’t lie to get it, and be responsive to your coworkers when you can! I hope you and your snooze-button will be very happy together.

Maketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maketing - Essay Example Of course the first ability with which an individual’s sales performance can be judged is their ability to sell. Since a person makes a certain amount of commission on everything they are able to offload to a customer, the more merchandise they can move from their hands to the customer’s house the more effective they are as sales persons. In fact, that seems to be the primary criteria of assessment at all the websites mentioned in the question. The ability to sell is not a singular talent since it requires several skills in combination. For example, a person must have high confidence, high enough to handle any tricky question from the clients and they should be able to convince them of the benefits of a product within the short time they have. In fact, if they are good at convincing people to a certain viewpoint, that can be an advantage since they might be able to up-sell or have the client purchase additional accessories for the same product. The analysis of individual websites shows that Avon wants people with ambition. Using terms like â€Å"Sky’s the limit† and giving the idea that a person could make as much as they wanted by selling Avon products really shows that they want go-getters. Additionally since Avon has outlined a career path, they are also looking for people who have management skills since there is a possibility of managing a team which requires efficiently handling a group of people. The benefits package offered by Avon highlights the ways the company makes it possible for parents to devote more time to selling their products. This leads me to believe that the time investment in the process is significant which may not be true for the business model offered by Betterware but they have not outlined their benefits on their website. However, Betterware’s website is more focused on the career path and personal development. This is because Betterware offers training for those sellers who need it and clarifies the

The Effects of Fiscal Policy (An increase in Government Purchase Essay

The Effects of Fiscal Policy (An increase in Government Purchase - Essay Example Although this practice exposes the government to significant economic management challenges from the monetarists view, it is sometimes a preferable interventionary measure. Expansionary economic policy by the government increased expenditure also captures the issue of unemployment since it leads to increased employment. The ensuing effect is inflation which is a function of interest rate. Mankiw debates on the concept of saving as the opposite of investment and all are functions of interest rate (Mankiw 73). Fiscal policy generally leads to inflation and this significantly affects investment. The better part of the population would therefore rather save in expectation of future economic stability and increased value for their money so that they may invest. It is also worth to note that government expenditure affects interest rate and consumption in the same direction. Consumption is a function of disposable income hence by United Kingdom government increasing its expenditure, more di sposable income will raise the level of consumption with little saving. A critical analysis of the case of UK indicates that informed economic policies that have propelled it from the period of industrial revolution, through the two world wars to date are basically based on a blend of fiscal and monetary

Nursing and midwifery council Essay Example for Free

Nursing and midwifery council Essay Malnutrition can be defined as a serious condition that occurs when a person does not include the right amount of nutrients in their diet such as water, protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals in their diet (NICE, 2012). This can lead to serious adverse circumstances where one can become malnourished. Kirch (2008) also stresses that malnutrition can also arise as a result of disease. The rational for the chosen topic ‘malnutrition in elderly patients, was based on being one of the largest contributors to elderly mortality in health care. In support Sinclain (2011) states that up to 15% of elderly in the community, 62% of hospitalised patients and 85% of nursing home residents suffer from malnutrition which is a strong independent predictor of mortality in elderly. Evidence based practice in nursing is finding solid research and applying them in nursing practices, in order to promote quality of care given to patient’s. Furthermore Baker (2013) states that it is a process which involves the use of evaluation, research process, problem solving, assessment of care, decision making and requires the patients involvement. Evidence based practice is important in clinical settings having the potential to improve the of care patient, implemented to improve recovery. The nursing and midwifery council (NMC 2008) recommended that all nurses must have the ability to critique and use evidence based practice. Developing a framework for critiquing health research (Caldwell et al, 2005) will be used as an appraisal method to critique the 3 empirical research articles. This was chosen by the writer because the authors made it clear, straightforward, easy and precise to use in critiquing academic research papers, both qualitative and quantitative using tables, numbers, keywords subheadings, guidelines and relevant websites. It was also discussed that this assists the ‘novice’ nursing student and health-related research with learning about the two approaches to research by giving consideration to aspects of the research process that are common to both methodologies approach and different stages of crit iquing them. Boud et al (1985) articulate reflection as a act in which an individual examines their experiences, beliefs, values behaviour and knowledge that leads to a new understanding and appreciation of a situation which prompted the reflective process. Yun, (2008) emphasise reflection is an active and intentional process that uses thinking in order to learn from experience. We reflect in order to learn from current or future experiences  aiding us in improving academic skills in theory and in practical, the ethics of reflection contain information such as asking questions or reflecting on what actually happened, looking at the skills that were used to deal with the situation, examine the negative and positives looking into what feelings arose from the experiences, what could have be done and what can be done better in the future. As nurses we need to reflect on our own practice to enhance the care given to patients. Rolfe et al model (2001) Cycle has been chosen to support writer reflection and this was chosen because it is a simple model which raises the following questions what, so what and now what in order to reflect effectively and improve the quality of care given to patients stimulating both personal and professional growth. In nursing practice we need to plan and leave time in order to reflect on the care delivered to patients. Following this we need to reveal the service given has confidentiality, privacy and dignity and this is being maintained, check if the patient treated is being fairly and with respect, if the nurses communicate with the patients in ways they understand. All these collective questions need to be in place when caring for patients in order to support reflection and deliver a good standard of care. Elder, Evans and Nizette (2012) states reflection allows nurses to examine both thei r practice and the accompanying cognitions and effective meanings in relation to values, biases and knowledge and in relation to the context in which the situation occurred.

The Manhattan Project Essay -- physics nuclear atom atomic

Before the Manhattan Project, in the beginning there were many advancements in understanding made in the world of physics. These resulted in the recognition of nuclear fission and its potential as an energy source and as a potential weapon. Of these advancements none was more central and important than the development of the nuclear model of the atom, which by the year of 1932 contained a nucleus containing most of the mass of an atom in the form of two particles, protons and neutrons. This nucleus was surrounded by an electron shell. Previously it was thought that atoms were the smallest form of matter therefore ultimately stable and indivisible. However, in 1919 Ernest Rutherford was able to break apart the nucleus of nitrogen with alpha particles from a radioactive source. Following these discoveries research in the area of nuclear fission took off as scientists and physicists around the world were bombarding atoms with alpha particles. Consequently rapidly advancing knowledge on the subject. In 1933 Hungarian physicists Leo Szilard proposed that if an atom split and released more neutrons than it required to split it that an expanding nuclear chain reaction could be the result. After some experimentation, he discovered that on average the fission of uranium resulted in the release of two or more neutrons. At the time he kept this secret, as it was a real possibility that this information could be used by fascist governments as a weapon with massive destructive potential. Many governments quickly realized the potential for producing energy or military weapons with the harnessing of nuclear fission. During this same time though numerous political change was occurring throughout the world. Notably in 1933 Adolf Hitler ... ...m bomb. The plutonium bomb reached critical mass through an implosion-style detonation. With this method a sphere of plutonium is surrounded by explosives, which compress the inner sphere of plutonium to critical mass. The bomb dropped on Nagasaki and the famous Trinity test were all conducted using this type of bomb. Bibliography Hoddeson, Lillian, et al. Critical Assembly. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Hevly, Bruce, and John M. Findlay. The Atomic West. New York: University of Washington Press, 1998. Hughes, Jeff. The Manhattan Project. Ed. Jon Turney. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Walker, Gregory. The Nuclear Weapon Archive. 13 Mar. 1999. 26 Mar. 2007 . "The Manhattan Project." Atomic Archive. 31 Dec. 2006. 26 Mar. 2007 .

Perspectives on Humanities

I remember a boy named Alexander, a boy who turned out to be my greatest companion. I will justify my master’s life to be the most productive one, although death came along at an early age of 33 he had reached what he wanted in his life and he had surpassed all the battles that came along his way. My master’s life was not an ordinary life, he became of what he is because of his hard work, dedication, wisdom and his will. He was a man of honor and great courage.   Let me tell you how Alexander and I met and became comrade. Alexander was just a young boy at the tender age of twelve when I was brought to his father first for the cost of thirteen talents.I was a wild young stud then but Alexander was wise enough to know why am I not at ease with my rider, he adequately studied me, talked to me softly and rode me into the sun so that I would not be able to see my own shadow; seeing my own shadow caused me to be shy. Alexander named me Bucephalus or Oxhead, he owned there a nd then.  In the early days of my years he was my mentor, he taught me how to be tough and strong enough for any battles that was ahead of us. He trained me how to be a stallion that is worthy of being called a wondrous one. He was my protector during battles; he gave his might during those times and gave what I have to give to protect him also. It was a wonderful life I had with him, I gave everything that I have got for he was my master and I owe everything to him.As a young boy, Alexander learned how to distance himself from the shadow of his father. Alexander and I grew up together, to say the truth; we were like of the same age.   What King Phillip and Alexander had was a competitive relationship; he loved her mother so much though. Because of this, he mends his own ways to be able to surpass what his father had reached and to be able to proudly say that he is Alexander the great conqueror.We have travelled the world together, seen the beauty of each and every track of land we lay our foot upon, and I have been his accomplice when he managed to conquer the world and built his mighty empire. Alexander has learned to do things in his own way even when he was still a child. I was one of the chosen few who have seen how he had managed to rule the world not because he was a descendant of the King of Macedonia, King Phillip but because he was Alexander, a great warrior. I have been a witness to what Alexander had done; I was a witness to his greatness in the battlefield. I was there with him, I’ve seen him do things the smart way or what have become to people the Great way.  Alexander was always a tough leader; he had managed to show this during our restless battles that we have both been through. His troop were always there to assist him whenever he needed them, his people showed loyalty to him and he showed his loyalty to them as well. Although Alexander was hard on the battlefield he was not as hard when it comes to me. He showed me the love tha t I needed; he never pushed me to my limits. Alexander would always know whenever I need caress and he would always give it to me.To my mighty king, Alexander the great, I salute him for the many things he had taught me. I wouldn’t have been who I am if not because of him. I thank you Alexander, my comrade, for I had the opportunity to be with you on your last battle. Life wouldn’t be this meaningful for me if you were not my master, and for that I am thankful. I was lucky to be there with you during your last battle.To my mentor, friend, companion and master, Alexander, thank you and Goodbye. May the fruit of your hardships be recognized by the whole Universe, may your legend be told in the future generations of human race, and may your name become undying and forever living in the hearts of your people (â€Å"The Confessions of Alexander the Great: 33 Lessons in Greatness,†).References The Confessions of Alexander the Great: 33 Lessons in Greatness [Electronic Version] from http://www.watchmojo.com/events/history/alexander_the_great/intro_history_is_subjective.htm.

BLENZ Coffee case study Essay

BLENZ Company Profile BLENZ Coffee is a Canadian chain of franchise coffee shops. BLENZ was founded in Vancouver in 1992, and has grown to over 82 franchises in six countries. Presently the majority of locations are located in British Columbia, with 35 international stores in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, the Philippines, China and Japan. BLENZ is primarily a coffee shop, but also serves a variety of hot and cold beverages, desserts, and assorted food items such as wraps and sandwiches. BLENZ SWOT Analysis Strengths: Extensive beverage menu Large food and dessert selection compared to competition Free Internet at 41 coffee house locations Talented baristas (coffee-maker, waiters) Quality coffee bean and teas Canadian-ownership Innovative beverage development Large coffee houses Alternative to brand leader Consistency Weaknesses: No clear brand direction No clear values or mission Mixed messaging, too many claims Contradictory aspirations No consistent communication tone, language, manner No consistent communication imagery, typography, design Less consistency across outlets compared to competitors Less focused on experience Unknown company history and background Franchisee-operated Opportunities: Showcase largest menu of most coffee houses Increase awareness of frequent innovative drinks Emphasize talented and award-winning baristas Canadian owned and operated (started in Vancouver) Alternative to global coffee house chains, something different Consistent experience of a chain, with the atmosphere of a local cafe A lot of action at coffee houses Threats Competition from better-known coffee houses Coffee houses with better locations Competing coffee houses companies with higher quality products Competing coffee houses companies with higher perceived quality Competing coffee house companies with higher perceived status Independent coffee houses Chain coffee houses Inexpensive coffee houses Instant coffee or complimentary coffee at work or businesses Cafes with larger menu selection Status in middle ground between brand leader and independent cafes People making coffee and beverages at home There are many reasons for BLENZ Coffee’s success so far; and this comes from their will to have convenient locations for the Customer. Moreover, their products are of the highest quality and their service continues to bring people back. BLENZ’s History BLENZ COFFEE opened its first store in February 1992 on the corner of Robson and Bute Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. The first BLENZ store was to  be a testing ground to ensure that the concept and systems were strong enough to grow and compete with other international chains. The founders of BLENZ COFFEE are Brian Noble, Sarah Moen and Geoffrey Hair, each bringing his own personal strengths and combined bringing a wealth of business experience to BLENZ COFFEE. The success of BLENZ COFFEE’S first store and the founders’ commitment to education and standards made franchising a natural choice. Today BLENZ now has 61 stores in British Columbia and also operates internationally in Japan and the Philippines. BLENZ’s Philosophy BLENZ COFFEE is a premium retailer of hand-crafted coffees, whole leaf teas, Belgian hot chocolate and other innovative and delicious specialty beverages. From the start, the founders of BLENZ COFFEE have always had a passion for quality. This passion is reflected in our commitment to using only authentic, premium ingredients in their beverages. All BLENZ beverages are made in-store from only the highest quality ingredients available. It is this commitment to serving quality beverages, prepared with care and attention by their highly trained baristas, in a warm and contemporary environment that has fuelled BLENZ COFFEE’S growth from its inception. BLENZ’s Products BLENZ COFFEE are retailers of high quality whole bean coffees, beautiful whole leaf organic teas and premium Belgian chocolate beverages to name but just a few of their product offerings. They are known as experts at authentic preparation methods and handmade beverages. They are not just purveyors of exciting and innovative beverages; they also offer a fabulous selection of baked goods, breakfast, lunch and snacks, among other delicious treats to tempt Customers. BLENZ: How to feel concerned by future They are aware of this fact which is that today’s world could not be more uncertain. Unemployment continues to rise; the stock market continues to fall. BLENZ take control of the future of unemployed valuable people, with their career opportunities. BLENZ: How to feel concerned by Canadian’s lifestyle Even in the face of economic uncertainty, consumers still demand their favourite affordable luxuries like premium coffee and tea. Canada’s coffee market is a $3 Billion Dollar industry. Coffee is still the most popular beverage in Canada – and second only to water, of all beverages consumed among adults 25 and older. And quality teas, are also rapidly gaining in popularity. BLENZ premium coffees and teas are second to none. They give people their chance to seize the opportunity to enjoy their lifestyle and profits with a successful BLENZ COFFEE franchise. BLENZ: How to combine Career Opportunities and Safety Fulfil your long held dream to own your own business, and really be the Boss – without all the trial and error that goes into a new business venture. BLENZ helps you manage the risks and become a leader in your local business community. BLENZ COFFEE shops are known as fun, and fast paced social environments. They’re also a secure training ground for children to gain self-reliance and pride as young entrepreneurs. BLENZ: The will of being everywhere BLENZ has opportunities in both established and new markets they are making available for the first time. You can develop one store. Or you may wish to be considered for an Area Development opportunity to open several stores in a Territory. Typical stores costs range from $225,000 to $400,000, depending on store size. BLENZ: Festival & Events partner Vancouver Film Festival Fringe Festival BLENZ & Harbour Cruises BLENZ & The Beat 94.5FM Matcha Photo Contest

Whats Wrong with This Picture essays

What's Wrong with This Picture essays Mark Crispin Millers article titled Whats Wrong with This Picture provides his rebuttal against the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and their recent relaxation in its rules regarding media ownership. Claims that few giant corporations are taking over the nations more independent labels, American ideals are being swept aside, and that the government is buying into these ideas constitute Millers main allegations against the FCC. Many of Millers arguments against the FCCs laid-back regulations are valid, however that does not mean they are necessarily a bad thing. Several of Millers protests also serve as the backbone of any media that he along with the rest of the public receives. Large media corporations are slowly becoming giant monopolies as they take over other smaller companies. These huge firms continue growing larger while the smaller, independent companies are beginning to diminish and sink into them. Miller proposes that with these few corporations running the entire media, there is less room for diversity and competition among all the different companies. This results in the few corporations vying for all of the publics attention and trying to use the same tactics as their competing networks. Yet, look at present examples, news companies such CNN, MSNews, and FOXnews dominate primetime readers and will continue to do so, why would the people of America rely on The few cartels are working against the American ideals of democracy and public interest in order to satisfy their mother corporations. It has now become predictable that a sister network will nonchalantly promote their other channels television programs, hoping to sway more viewers. Miller claims that these companies completely disregard the publics interest so long as they are satisfying the needs of their greater corporations. Miller tries to persuade his readers by using m...

Citing an Online Video with Chicago Footnote Referencing

Citing an Online Video with Chicago Footnote Referencing Citing an Online Video with Chicago Footnote Referencing From TED Talks to e-courses, platforms like YouTube offer a lot of educational resources these days. You can even use them when researching a college paper. But how do you cite an online video in academic writing? In this post, we explain how this works with Chicago footnote referencing. Citing an Online Video in a Footnote In Chicago referencing, you cite a source with a superscript number in the text. These numbers point to footnotes. For an online video, the information required in the first footnote include: The citation number Subject or creator name (e.g., the presenter or writer) The words â€Å"interviewed by† and the interviewer’s name (if applicable) Video title in quote marks Video format and length Name of uploader (if different from creator) Date of upload URL Date of access (if required by your institution) Timestamp for part of video cited (if applicable) You might not be able to find all this information. However, as long as you provide enough detail to identify the source and where it can be found, you’ll be fine. For instance, we could cite a TED Talk by Kate Darling like this: 1. Kate Darling, â€Å"Why we have an emotional connection to robots | Kate Darling,† YouTube video, 11:51, TED, November 6, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uq6XgrYBugo, 6:26. Here, we’ve clearly identified the video, where it can be found, and the relevant part of the video. If we then cited the same video later, we would use a shortened citation format to prevent repetition. Reference List Any videos cited in your paper should also appear in the reference list at the end of the document. The information to include here is similar to the first citation. However, the punctuation is slightly different, and the creator’s names should be inverted. For example: Darling, Kate. â€Å"Why we have an emotional connection to robots | Kate Darling.† YouTube video, 11:51. TED. November 6, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uq6XgrYBugo. Putting the surname first allows you to sort the reference list by author surname. As shown above, moreover, you do not need to include a pinpoint citation in the reference list, unlike footnotes.

Abraham lincoln essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abraham lincoln - Essay Example re was a dire need, the army was very short of work force and soldiers were very badly needed, black soldiers were recruited when the others failed to show interest and there were apprehensions whether these black soldiers would discharge their duty well or not. The doubts became evident questions because the black soldiers were former slaves and some thought that they would intentionally fail because they had been slaves and mistreated in America. The other soldiers and civilians thought that this was a very unwise decision by Lincoln, they also thought that it would never work when put into practice but Lincoln had already done the impossible. He never needed anyone’s approval, he had already successes partially in his aim to eliminate slavery in America. Black soldiers proved everyone wrong and they also proved Lincoln right when they fought valiantly and won several crucial battles, this was certainly a masterstroke by Lincoln and the one that no one saw coming. The battle of Port Hudson was primarily won because of black soldiers and they all worked in unison to win it for the trust that Lincoln had showed in them. The Black soldiers were mistreated when they were captured, they were not treated as prisoners of war but they were treated like slaves and Lincoln had several issues with it. The captured black soldiers were often sold and forced into slavery which did not go down too well with the president. Lincoln wanted the same protection for these African American soldiers as the white soldiers; the white soldiers were never forced into slavery when they were caught and they were always treated like the prisoners of war. Lincoln always wanted parity and he fought for it right till the end. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and the recruitment of African American soldiers both are deeply connected, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address stresses the need for parity in America and Lincoln firmly believed that the only way of restoring parity was by giving the

Enviromental issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enviromental issue - Research Paper Example The severity of air pollution in China and the extent it creates serious health hazards are evident from alarm that its people are warned are warned to stay indoor in order save their breath from contaminated air. This piece of paper considers three articles that talk about air pollution and its effects on human environment and sums up major emphasizes from those articles. This paper is to analyze how media, based on these articles, played its role in spreading about this severe environmental issue and what solutions have been recommended by them to make people aware of its severity. Air Pollution: a superpower in to a ‘worst-land’? (defining the issue) BBC in August 2006 reported, in an article titled ‘China hit by raising air pollution’ that China has become world’s largest sulphur dioxide polluter, due to that it has emitted 26 million tons of the gas in 2005, showing a 27% increase from the figure of 2000. This excesses emissions of sulfur dioxide has been causing acid rains in different part of China and other parts of the world. As Kahn and Yardley noted in their article- ‘As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes’, published in New York Times (2007), China’s air pollution itself is a cancer leading to a large number of deaths. Costs yield benefits. Its economically true and naturally very evident, especially from China’s case. This fact has been highlighted in their article. China, being unparalleled in the history, emerged as a major industrial power, but created a legacy of environmental issue, air pollution that may negate all the credits its economic growth has conferred. The article has defined and described the issue in detail. Pubic health is extremely affected by air pollution as it alone causes hundreds of thousands deaths every year. One of the most critical and perhaps more dangerous effects of this pollution is that around 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water . Both cities and rural areas have been turned to be toxic areas where only around one percent of air is considered quite safe. In industrial cities, people more often are not able to see sun, not due to raining or sky being cloudy, but due to the pollution that made the air and sky dry. The atmosphere has largely been contaminated. On one side, the economy gains ever-recorded growth and large multinationals still attempting to grab the slice of this international marketing pie, whereas on the other side, people die for bad breath due to air pollution. As this article emphasized, China’s pollution is not only China’s problem. It is adverse effects have widened to other countries. Dangerous chemical elements like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that are spewed from China’s coal plants caused acid rains in Seoul, South Korea, Tokyo etc. Tatchell in 2008 wrote in their article titled ‘The Pollution Marathon’, published in the Guardian, about the iss ue of China’s air pollution and its drastic impacts on every one’s life in the Guardian newspaper. This article starts with Ethiopian long-distance runner Haile Gebrselassie’s decision not to participate in 2008 Olympics held in China. He was highly concerned about the extremely hazardous air pollution in China and its impacts on his health if he stays few days

Discuss the implication of globalization for the organized labour Essay

Discuss the implication of globalization for the organized labour movement in rich countries - Essay Example The process of globalization, with the liberal economic policies, which have been adopted by many countries, has come to weaken the strong foundation upon which many trade unions have been built. Globalization has intensified the economic competition among the various developed nations of the world and to increase this competitiveness, these countries have adopted very liberal trade policies to ensure that their products remain at the top of the global market. These new policies have had an impact on trade unions in very negative way because one of their key parts are the legal restrictions which have been placed on the rights of workers for the sake of a higher efficiency of the economy. A major consequence of these restrictions has been the fact that trade unions in these countries have come to lose those rights, which they had struggled for many years to gain, and this has ensured that the political foundations of such trade unions have been increasingly weakened1. At the same tim e, the liberal policies that have been brought about by globalization have been creates more in favor of the employers than the workers. These policies advocate for the flexibility of the labor market and this has meant that the labor market has been deregulated and that employers have been empowered in areas the hiring of workers, their firing, the choice of how much to pay them, as well as the choice of the use of labor. As a result of this, informal employment and other cheap forms of labor have become prevalent because employers prefer them not only for the cheapness of wages paid to them, but also for the fact that they do not have to cover them in such matters as insurance and safety. This has made it very difficult for trade unions to be able to organize workers into the powerful force that they previously were because many of these informally employed people are not members of unions. The swift change in the development of equipment as well as the globalization of the econom y has led to the acceleration of structural adjustment. With the division of labor on the international scene, some of the developed countries have opted to shift those enterprises that they consider labor intensive to other countries where there is cheaper labor. This has led to the trade unions in these countries to lose those industrial sectors, which had been their traditional bases of support. To add to this, the use of new technologies in such traditional industries as steel, manufacturing and construction has led to the drop in the demand for labor from these industries due to the fact that most of the labor within them has become redundant. Moreover, the traditional ways through which trade unions worked have been challenged by the development of the Information Technology and other related industries, and it is against this background that trade union activities in developed countries, are on the decline2. Globalization has enabled the speeding up of the work of trade union s at an international level. Trade unions have developed as a product of the social and economic conflicts that have been brought about by industrial disputes. They gain their legitimacy through their legalization at a national level and they function as the protectors of the rights of the workers who fall within their jurisdiction. Due to the globalization

Analyse The Assumptions Made By Liberalism And Realism Politics Essay

Analyse The Assumptions Made By Liberalism And Realism Politics Essay Liberalism assumes instead portraying lust of power as the international conflict liberalism fights for the basic rights of the people. It insists on pursuing the political reforms establish democracies. It emphasizes on the value of the free trade on the basis that it will help in preventing the conflicts between nations as it reduces the national selfishness and enhances the communication. Liberalism advocated the formation of the global institutions such as the United Nations which sees any threat to any individual nation as a threat to everyone. The institutions help in resolving the conflicts by mediating the conflicts in the event of any misunderstanding. Basically liberals assume that states will act in a rational manner and they are a unitary actor. The liberalists fell into three different groups as classified by the realists: The first group advocated league of the nations was formed with the objective to consider the attack on the nation as an attack on all. The second group formed the Permanent Court of International Justice that would lead to formation of judicial body capable of issuing justices to the disputes. The third group sort to avoid war by advocating Disarmament in  [1]  order to reduce the international tension1. The League of Nations failed to take appropriate action against the Japan or Italy for invasion, PCIJ failed as the major disputed were rarely submitted and the Geneva Disarmament Conference resulted in failure1. Realism (discussed later in the paper) failed to explain complex interdependence of the transnational relations. As a result various types of the international regimes were formed to govern the behaviour of different international issues that resulted in higher interdependence and lead to even higher co-operation (Neo-Liberalism). Often Realists argue that Liberalism prime focus was not providing the national security rather then playing with the low politics (such as in the area of finance, environment). The critics believe the global institutions often fail to provide the appropriate response for the aggression1. Realism Assumptions: Realism assumes the state as the ultimate power that is not answerable to any body; it can resolve the critical issues itself. The realists often believe that world politics is a zero-sum game; what ever is gained by one competitor is lost by the other. The realists portrays the international politics is the struggle among the states to dominate others by the gain of power, what ever actions are required to achieve the national interest they must be taken at any costs. The best way to maintain the peace is to be powerful. The states should increase its military power and align with the powerful states in order to counter any threat, to promote is national interest or to maintain balance of the power among the states. To the realists the economic power is less important then the military power. They believe that under the international anarchy the state should depend on itself to provide the security and wellbeing (Realpolitik) 1 and should never under estimate the power of the rival (that is it will cooperate easily). Realists dont consider the decision making as a social work and they ignore ones interest. The great rivalry between US and USSR to struggle for the hegemony is supported by the realist thought. Realism doesnt allow the ethical considerations to influence the decision making process. The realists evaluate the choices available for decision after considering the results of the action taken. Realists sometimes fail to explain the reasons for its own action taken for the national interest. The leaders were unable to justify that Vietnam War served the Americas National Interest. How do these two schools of thought (Liberalism and Realism) differ? The following points highlight the key difference between the realism and liberalism: Human Nature: The realists are believers of the pessimistic view that politics at the global level is driven by the self interest of individual nation, each nation should rely on itself for the national defence and well being 1 . It should make decision to satisfy the national interest. Where as the liberalism has the optimistic view that foreign policy decisions should be based upon the mutual interests of the people and can be achieved with the help of the international organizations1. Concepts: The realists portray the international politics is the struggle among the states to dominate others by the gain of power, what ever actions are required to achieve the national interest (that can be with the military influence). While according to the liberal theory explains that International Relations can be improved by the model of complex interdependence that can result in larger cooperation. The complex interdependence explains that the state is not the most important actor, the foreign policy decisions should not be made on the basis of the military power. The complex interdependence theory focuses that growing ties (that can be either a result of the trade between two nations) between two nations can make them exposed to each others activities and sensitive about their needs 1. Zero Sum Game: The realists consider politics as the Zero-Sum game (what ever is gained by one competitor is lost by the other; one nation can easily betray other) 1. Liberals dont consider politics as the zero sum game, instead of following the military methods they have the reliance upon the judicial methods to tackle the disputes. International System: Realism assumes that International System is anarchic that forces the leaders of the different nation to pursue self help principle (In the international anarchic system the nations must depend on themselves for their national defence and well being) 1. It assumes that chances of co-operation on the global level are very rare on critical issues. Even if there is co-operation then it can result in the relative gains (One participant benefits more then the other in joint effort). While in Liberalism the International system is struggling to be more peaceful. Liberals stress on the role of inter-governmental organizations in the endorsement of cooperation. Main Cause of Conflict: Basically Classical Realists believe the lust of the power to dominate others leads to the conflicts between two nations and ends in enmity while the neo-realists claim that cause of the conflicts is the anarchic international system1; each state should rely on its own abilities to survive. Where as Liberals believe in that realpolitik results in the conflicts. Also the conflicts are caused due to lack of the international laws to regulate competition (example arms race) between nations1. Best path to peace: Realists state that peace can be achieved by the balance of power if all states seek to increase their power preventing without being dependent on any other nation while Liberalism assumes that best path to peace can be achieved through co-operation through inter-governmental organizations such as United Nations. IGO such as UN help in mediate the conflicts between two nations in the event of any misconception. Also liberalism emphasizes on the value of the free trade on the basis that it will help in preventing the conflicts between nations as it reduces selfishness and results in effective communication. Organizations: Realism assumes the state as the supreme power that is not answerable to any body (for its internal affairs); it can resolve the critical issues on its own, without any external interference while liberalism emphasizes on the IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations) in mediating the conflicts in the event of any misconception. Morality: Under realism the nations national interest is the prime objective. Classic Realists are the firm believers that the Leaders of the nation can often choose the wrong decision while the foreign policy making process if they allow morality to preside over the policy making process, they believe that the country should always follow the dictation of the power. Realists complaint against liberalism of its tendency to turn foreign policy in the moral crusade1. While liberalists advocate the importance of the people in the decision making process, the power of the ideas can influence many critical decisions. In your opinion, which one most accurately described the world during the Cold War era? Realism during Cold War: In my opinion, Realism most accurately explains the world during the cold war era. Realism accounts that the cold war was a consequence of the narrowing of the military capabilities of the great power rivals United States of America and Union of Soviet Socialists Republics that resulted in the hegemonic struggle between them. Both of the countries struggled for the establishment of the spheres of influence around the world. After the end of the Second World War, the global politics were dominated by United States of America (Unipolarity) as it possessed an atomic bomb while its rival (USSR) didnt. Truman Doctrine and Containment: The great rivalry between two nations started with the George F Keenans long telegraph to President Harry S Truman stating that America needs to assess the post war policy as the soviets had a feeling of insecurity to maintain power. The measures taken by USSR to strengthen their spheres of dominance ended up in the policy of the Truman Doctrine and Containment. Truman Doctrine stated that US will provide the military support to all its allies in the event of any communist expansion while the strategy of Containment stated the appropriate measures to be taken to against USSR to prevent its expansion or communist influence by using the threat of a possible attack by US1. Zero Sum Game: The race of the arms or the cold war started with USSRs accumulation of the atomic bomb that took USs Unipolarity away and ended up in Bipolarity. Soon started the nuclear arms race between Soviet Union and America and they started looking at each with a watchful suspicion. US pursued the Realist Principle of Zero Sum Game; the loss from one side is the gain to other in cooperation while USSR followed the balance of the power realist principle. Bipolar Nature and Nuclear Weapons: Many Realists attributes the absence of war to the bi-polar nature of the postwar global system which is less war-prone then the multi-polar system during the world-war 2. In the multi-power global system the states often underestimate the comparative power of the opponent. Some realists also concluded that nuclear weapons had played a significant role in the preservation of the peace during the cold 1. National Interest: Under the realism the state was the most important actor and nations interest was the top priority. When the Soviet invaded Afghanistan, US President Jimmy Carter came up with Carter Doctrine under which America will use its military forces in order to protect its oil supplies from the gulf (which was nations top interest) 1. Also as per Reagan Doctrine, US provided support to the insurgents to overthrow the soviet supported governments in countries like Afghanistan (US supported AL-QAEDA). Power Politics: In the late 1980s the Soviet Policies can be seen as realistic theories, Moscow tried to increase its influence on the third world and it tried to suppress the rebellions against the government in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Military Power vs. Economic Power: As per the realist assumption, to USSR economic power was less important then military power, this resulted in the destruction of the soviet economy because of its long pursuit to seek balance of power. During the cold the Soviet Union was involved in the constant production of the arms to increase its military power to boost national security in the even of an attack from America. Brezhnev was to slow to identify the countrys economic problem and was reluctant to take necessary measure to tackle it1. Out of Liberalism and Realism which one most accurately describes the world we live in today? Liberalism in present life: Liberalism most accurately defines the world that we live in today. Liberalism has the belief that change in the global politics can be engineered by human choices. The idea for the liberalism started in the 19th century in Europe then it spread slowly and steadily across the world that we live in today. The USSR dissolution in 1991 was due to the influence of the liberal ideas by Mikhail Gorbachev. Liberalism advocates the free trade between nations which further results in the complex interdependence. United States is a liberal country, founded on the basis of free market and morality. Liberalism advocated the formation of the global institutions/ inter-governmental organizations such as the United Nations, International Criminal Court which sees any threat to any individual nation as a threat to everyone. The institutions help in resolving the conflicts by mediating the conflicts in the event of any misunderstanding. IGO such as United Nations have driv en community of the peace loving countries. Countries can collectively response through the multi lateral actions to tackle any tough situation. Trade: The liberal theory emphasizes on the trade thus helps in preventing disputes from escalating to the wars, increase inter-dependence and it increases the communication between two countries thus reducing the misconceptions (if any). The commercial liberalism (which advocates the free markets principles) has resulted in Liberal International Economic Order between the regimes. Many new trade agreements like NAFTA, FTAA, ASEAN, EU (under the liberalising rules of the World Trade Organization) have resulted in many positive have resulted in making the world more globalized. Trade had helped in improving the economic condition of the global south countries thus leading the path to democracy. As a result of trade, global souths share in export products has grown from 10% in 1980 to 30 % in 20081. Multi-National Corporations Foreign Direct Investments: The political economy is shaped by the globalization of the production, the Multi-National Corporations (MNC) assist in the globalization of the production. The MNCs have resulted in the foreign direct investments (FDI) in the developing global south countries. In 2007, the FDI were around 30% to the global south by MNCs 1. International Law: Today the international law (UN) has started reviving its policies for the military intervention that it has the right to stop human genocide, suffering or the ethnic cleansing. It has resulted in the collapse of the old Treaty of Westphalia that no one can hinder in states internal affairs. Like the example of the rising terrorism in countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan has pushed international law to rewrite international to permit the intervention in these countries providing a safe place for terrorist deeds. Many realists have tied up with the liberals in categorizing Iraq war in 2003 was an unneccary war1. International Criminal Court: To protect the human rights the International Criminal Court (ICC) was launched in 2002 as a watch dog on the human genocides or crimes. In many cases the ICC has pursued when States own court are unable to. The ICC indicted Sudanese President Omar- al- Bashir for his role in human genocide in Sudan1. Also the ICC tries its best to prevent the war by mediating between two states. ICC issues the sanctions against a country who tries to break the law (such as acts against humanity). In the event the sanctions fail to work then ICC is left with using the aggressive means (war). Arms Reductions: As per the realist theory the war is necessary to achieve the peace, the realists sought to increase the military power while liberal thought predict the more armed the state, it is more vulnerable to the war. The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty of 2002 has resulted in the nuclear arsenal of Russia and America by ninety percent. In 2005 the 189 countries have signed Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and 46 countries signed International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation to take new initiatives for nuclear arm control1.